22 Mahimman Bayanai daga Tsohon Mutum da Teku ta Ernest Hemingway

Game da Ernest Hemingway

Ernest Miller Hemingway (Yuli 21, 1899-Yuli 2, 1961) marubuci ɗan Amurka ne, marubuci mai ɗan gajeren labari, ɗan jarida, kuma ɗan wasa. Salonsa na tattalin arziki da rashin fahimta - wanda ya kira da ka'idar kankara-yana da tasiri mai ƙarfi akan almara na ƙarni na 20, yayin da salon rayuwarsa mai ban sha'awa da kamanninsa na jama'a suka kawo masa sha’awa daga ƙarnin baya. (Ernest Hemingway)

Hemingway ya samar da mafi yawan aikinsa tsakanin tsakiyar 1920s da tsakiyar 1950s, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo 1954 Lambar Nobel a Adabi. Ya wallafa litattafai guda bakwai, tarin gajerun labarai guda shida, da ayyukan ba da labari guda biyu. Uku daga cikin litattafan nasa, tarin gajerun labarai guda huɗu, da ayyukan almara guda uku an buga su bayan mutuwa. Yawancin ayyukansa ana ɗaukar su litattafan gargajiya Littattafan Amurka.

Hemingway ya girma a ciki Gidajen haya a Oak Park, Illinois. Bayan makarantar sakandare, ya kasance mai ba da rahoto na 'yan watanni don Kansas City Star kafin fara tafiya Gaban Italiyanci don yin rajista azaman direban motar asibiti Yakin duniya na. A cikin 1918, ya ji rauni sosai kuma ya dawo gida. Abubuwan da ya gani na yaƙin ya zama tushen littafinsa Bankwana da Makamai (1929). (Ernest Hemingway)

A shekarar 1921, ya yi aure Hadley Richardson, na farkon mata hudu. Sun koma Paris inda ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin ƙasashen waje kuma ya faɗi ƙarƙashin rinjayar mai zamani marubuta da masu fasaha na shekarun 1920 ''Zamanin da aka rasa”Al'ummar da ke kasashen waje. Daga Hemingway novel na farko Rana ta tashi an buga shi a 1926. Ya saki Richardson a 1927, kuma ya yi aure Pauline Pfeiffer.

Sun sake aure bayan ya dawo daga Yakin Basasar Spain (1936-1939), wanda ya rufe a matsayin ɗan jarida kuma wanda shine tushen littafinsa Don Wanda Bell Tolls (1940). Marta Gellhorn ya zama matarsa ​​ta uku a 1940. Shi da Gellhorn suka rabu bayan ya sadu Maria Welsh a London lokacin World War II. Hemingway ya kasance tare da Sojojin Kawance a matsayin ɗan jarida Normandy sauka da kwato birnin Paris.

Ya kiyaye gidajen zama na dindindin a Key West, Florida (a cikin 1930s) kuma a cikin Cuba (a cikin 1940s da 1950s). Ya kusan mutuwa a 1954 bayan hadarin jirgin sama a kwanakin baya, tare da raunin da ya bar shi cikin zafi da rashin lafiya na tsawon rayuwarsa. A 1959, ya sayi wani Gidaje Na Siyarwa da Hayar a Ketchum, Idaho, inda, a tsakiyar 1961, ya kashe kansa. (Ernest Hemingway)

Early rai

Ernest Miller Hemingway an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Yuli, 1899, a cikin Gidajen haya a Oak Park, Illinois, wani yanki mai wadata a yammacin Chicago, ga Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, likita, da Grace Hall Hemingway, mawaƙi. Iyayensa sun kasance masu ilimi da daraja a Oak Park, wata al'umma mai ra'ayin mazan jiya game da wanne mazaunin Frank Lloyd Wright ya ce, "Ikklisiyoyi da yawa don mutanen kirki da yawa za su je." Lokacin da Clarence da Grace Hemingway suka yi aure a 1896, sun ya zauna tare da mahaifin Grace, Zauren Ernest Miller, bayan wanda suka sanya wa ɗansu na fari, na biyu cikin yaransu shida. 

'Yar'uwarsa Marcelline ta riga shi a 1898, Ursula ta bi ta a 1902, Madelaine a 1904, Carol a 1911, da Leicester a cikin 1915. Grace ta bi babban taron Victoria na rashin bambanta tufafin yara da jinsi. Tare da shekara guda kawai da ke raba su biyun, Ernest da Marcelline sun yi kama da juna da ƙarfi. Grace tana son su bayyana a matsayin tagwaye, don haka a cikin shekaru uku na farko na Ernest ta sa gashinsa ya yi tsawo kuma ta sanya yara biyu cikin suttura irin na mata.

Mahaifiyar Hemingway, sanannen mawaƙi a ƙauyen, ta koya wa ɗanta yin wasan cello duk da ƙin koyo; kodayake daga baya a rayuwa ya yarda darussan kiɗa sun ba da gudummawa ga salon rubutunsa, misali a cikin "sabawa doka tsarin ”na Don Wanda Bell Tolls.

Yayin da Hemingway ya balaga ya yi iƙirarin ƙin mahaifiyarsa, kodayake masanin tarihin rayuwa Michael S. Reynolds ya nuna cewa ya raba irin kuzari da himma. Kowace lokacin rani dangin suna tafiya zuwa Windemere on Tafkin Walloon, kusa Petoskey, Michigan, Amurka. A can matashi Ernest ya haɗu da mahaifinsa kuma ya koyi farauta, kifi, da sansani a cikin dazuzzuka da tafkuna Arewacin Michigan, gogewa na farko wanda ya haifar da sha'awar rayuwa na kasada na waje da zama a cikin nesa ko keɓewa.

Hemingway ya halarta Oak Park da Makarantar Sakandaren Kogin a cikin Oak Park daga 1913 zuwa 1917. Ya kasance ɗan wasa mai kyau, wanda ya haɗa da wasanni da yawa - dambe, wasan tsere, filin wasan ruwa, da ƙwallon ƙafa; ya yi a ƙungiyar makaɗa ta makaranta tsawon shekaru biyu tare da 'yar uwarsa Marcelline; kuma ya sami sakamako mai kyau a cikin azuzuwan Ingilishi. 

A cikin shekaru biyu na ƙarshe a makarantar sakandare ya yi gyara trapeze da kuma Tabili (jaridar makaranta da littafin shekara), inda ya kwaikwayi yaren marubutan wasanni kuma yayi amfani da sunan alkalami Ring Lardner Jr. - jinjina kai Ringar Lardner na Chicago Tribune wanda layinsa shine "Line O'Type". 

Kamar Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser, Da kuma Sinclair Lewis, Hemingway ɗan jarida ne kafin ya zama marubuci. Bayan ya gama makarantar sakandare ya tafi aiki Kansas City Star a matsayin mai labaru. Ko da yake ya zauna a wurin na tsawon watanni shida kacal, ya dogara da stars salon jagora a matsayin tushe ga rubutunsa: “Yi amfani da gajerun jumloli. Yi amfani da gajeren sakin layi na farko. Yi amfani da Ingilishi mai ƙarfi. Kasance masu nagarta, ba korau ba. ”(Ernest Hemingway)

Cuba

A farkon 1939, Hemingway ya tsallaka zuwa Cuba a cikin kwalekwalensa don ya zauna a cikin Hotel Duk Duniya in Havana. Wannan shine lokacin rabuwa na rarrabuwa mai raɗaɗi da raɗaɗi daga Pauline, wanda ya fara lokacin da Hemingway ya sadu da Martha Gellhorn. Ba da daɗewa ba Marta ta haɗu da shi a Cuba, kuma sun yi hayar "Finca Vigía”(“ Lookout Farm ”), kadada 15 (61,000 m²) dukiya mil 15 (kilomita 24) daga Havana.

Pauline da yaran sun bar Hemingway a lokacin bazara, bayan an sake haɗa dangin yayin ziyarar Wyoming; Lokacin da aka gama rabuwa da Pauline, shi da Martha sun yi aure a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1940, a cikin Cheyenne, Wayoming.

Hemingway ya koma mazauninsa na farko na bazara zuwa Ketchum, Idaho, kawai a waje da sabon ginin wurin shakatawa na Sun Valley, kuma ya koma mazauninsa na hunturu zuwa Cuba. Ya kasance abin ƙyama lokacin da abokin Parisiya ya bar kuliyoyinsa su ci daga teburin, amma ya zama mai sha'awar kyanwa a Cuba kuma ya ajiye da yawa a cikin kadarar. Zuriyar karensa na zaune a nasa key West gida.

Gellhorn ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don rubuta shahararren littafinsa, Don Wanda Bell Tolls, wanda ya fara a watan Maris 1939 kuma ya ƙare a Yuli 1940. An buga shi a watan Oktoba 1940. Tsarinsa shine ya zagaya yayin aiki akan rubutun, kuma ya rubuta Don Wanda Bell Tolls a Cuba, Wyoming, da Sun Valley. Ya zama zabin Club-Book-of-the-Month Club, ya sayar da kwafin rabin miliyan a cikin watanni, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Pulitzer kuma, a cikin kalmomin Meyers, “cikin nasara ya sake kafa martabar adabin Hemingway”.

A cikin Janairu 1941, an tura Martha zuwa China don yin aiki Kamala mujallar. Hemingway ya tafi tare da ita, yana aikawa da jaridar PM, amma a gaba ɗaya ya ƙi China. Littafin 2009 ya ba da shawarar a cikin wancan lokacin wataƙila an ɗauke shi aiki don yin aiki da wakilan leken asirin Soviet a ƙarƙashin sunan "Agent Argo". Sun koma Kuba kafin a shelar yaki da Amurka a watan Disamba, lokacin da ya gamsar da gwamnatin Cuba don ta taimaka masa ya gyara Pilar, wanda ya yi niyyar amfani da shi don yin kwanton bauna da jiragen ruwan Jamus a bakin tekun Cuba. (Ernest Hemingway)

Paris

Carlos Baker, Marubucin tarihin rayuwar Hemingway na farko, ya yi imanin cewa yayin da Anderson ya ba da shawarar Paris saboda “ƙimar canjin kuɗi” ya sanya ta zama wurin da ba ta da tsada don zama, mafi mahimmanci ita ce inda “mutane mafi ban sha'awa a duniya” suka rayu. A Paris, Hemingway ya sadu da marubuci Ba'amurke kuma mai tara kayan fasaha Gertrude Stein, Marubucin Irish James Joyce, Mawakin Amurka Ezra Pound (wanda “zai iya taimaki matashin marubuci sama da matakin aiki”) da sauran marubuta. (Ernest Hemingway)

Hemingway na farkon shekarun Paris ya kasance "dogo, kyakkyawa, tsoka, fafutuka, mai launin ruwan kasa, mai launin shuɗi, ja-ja, saurayi mai taushi." Shi da Hadley sun rayu a cikin ƙaramin tafiya a 74 rue du Cardinal Lemoine a cikin Yankin Latin, kuma ya yi aiki a ɗakin haya a ginin da ke kusa. 

Stein, wanda shine tushen tushen modernism a Paris, ya zama mashawarcin Hemingway kuma baiwar uwa ga ɗansa Jack; ta gabatar da shi ga masu fasaha da marubuta na Montparnasse Kwata, wanda ta kira shi "Zamanin da aka rasa" - kalmar Hemingway ta yi fice tare da buga Rana ta tashi. Na yau da kullun a Stein's salon, Hemingway ya sadu da masu zane -zane masu tasiri kamar Pablo Picasso, Joan Miro, Da kuma John Grey. 

Daga ƙarshe ya janye daga tasirin Stein, kuma alakar su ta lalace zuwa rigimar adabi da ta shafe shekaru da yawa. Ezra Pound ya sadu da Hemingway kwatsam a Tsibirin Sylviakantin sayar da littattafai Shakespeare da Kamfanin a cikin 1922. Su biyu sun zagaya Italiya a 1923 kuma sun rayu a kan titi ɗaya a 1924. Sun kulla abota mai ƙarfi, kuma a Hemingway, Pound ya gane kuma ya haɓaka gwanintar matasa. Pound ya gabatar da Hemingway ga James Joyce, wanda Hemingway akai-akai ya hau kan "maganin barasa". (Ernest Hemingway)

A cikin watanni 20 na farko da ya yi a Paris, Hemingway ya shigar da labarai guda 88 Toronto Star jarida. Ya rufe Yaƙin Greco-Baturke, inda ya shaida da kona Smyrna, kuma ya rubuta guntun balaguro kamar “Funa Tuna a Spain” da “Kamun kifi a duk faɗin Turai: Spain tana da mafi kyau, sannan Jamus”. Ya kuma bayyana koma bayan sojojin Girka tare da fararen hula daga Gabashin Thrace.

Hemingway ya yi baƙin ciki da jin labarin cewa Hadley ya ɓace akwati cike da rubuce -rubucensa a wurin Gare de Lyon yayin da take tafiya zuwa Geneva don saduwa da shi a watan Disamba 1922. A watan Satumba mai zuwa ma'auratan sun koma Toronto, inda ɗansu John Hadley Niconor an haife shi ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1923. A lokacin rashin su, littafin Hemingway na farko, Labari Uku da Wakoki Goma, an buga.

Biyu daga cikin labaran da ya ƙunsa duk sun rage bayan asarar akwati, kuma na uku an rubuta shi a farkon shekarar da ta gabata a Italiya. A cikin watanni ƙara na biyu, a zamaninmu (ba tare da manya ba), an buga. Ƙaramin ƙara ya ƙunshi shida yan hotuna da labaru goma sha biyu Hemingway ya rubuta lokacin bazara da ta gabata yayin ziyarar farko da ya kai Spain, inda ya gano farin cikin wasan bajimi. Ya rasa Paris, yana ɗaukar Toronto mai ban sha'awa, kuma yana son komawa rayuwar marubuci, maimakon yin rayuwar ɗan jarida.

Hemingway, Hadley da ɗansu (wanda ake wa lakabi da Bumby) sun koma Paris a watan Janairun 1924 kuma suka ƙaura zuwa wani sabon gida a kan rue Notre-Dame des Champs. Hemingway ya taimaka Hoton Ford Madox edit Binciken Transatlantic, wanda ya buga ayyukan ta Pound, John DosPasos, Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, da Stein, da kuma wasu daga cikin labaran Hemingway nasa na farko kamar “Sansanin Indiya". 

A lokacin da A Lokacinmu An buga shi a cikin 1925, jaket ɗin ƙura yana ɗauke da sharhi daga Ford. “Sansanin Indiya” ya sami yabo mai yawa; Ford ya gan ta a matsayin muhimmin labari na farko daga wani matashi marubuci, kuma masu suka a Amurka sun yaba Hemingway saboda sake ƙarfafa irin gajeriyar labarin tare da salo mai salo da amfani da jumlolin sanarwa. Watanni shida da suka gabata, Hemingway ya sadu F. Scott Fitzgerald, kuma ma'auratan sun ƙulla abota da "sha'awa da ƙiyayya". Fitzgerald ya buga The Great Gatsby a wannan shekarar: Hemingway ya karanta ta, yana son ta, kuma ya yanke shawarar cewa aikinsa na gaba ya zama labari.

Tare da matarsa ​​Hadley, Hemingway ya fara ziyartar gidan Bikin San Fermín in Pamplona, Spain, a 1923, inda ya burge fafatawa. A wannan lokacin ne aka fara kiransa da "Papa", har ma da manyan abokai da yawa. Hadley zai tuna daga baya Hemingway yana da nasa laƙabi na kowa da kowa kuma yana yawan yin abubuwa ga abokan sa; ta ba da shawarar cewa yana son a duba shi. Ba ta tuna daidai yadda laƙabin ya kasance ba; duk da haka, lallai ya makale. 

Hemingways sun koma Pamplona a 1924 kuma a karo na uku a watan Yuni 1925; a waccan shekarar sun kawo ƙungiyar Amurkawa da Burtaniya baƙi: Hemingway Michigan abokin yaro Bill Smith, Donald Ogden Stewart, Lady Duff Twysden (kwanan nan saki), masoyinta Pat Guthrie, da Harold Loeb ne adam wata. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan an gama bikin, a ranar haihuwarsa (21 ga Yuli), ya fara rubuta daftarin abin da zai zama Rana ta tashi, yana kammala makonni takwas daga baya.

Bayan 'yan watanni bayan haka, a cikin Disamba 1925, Hemingways sun tafi don yin hunturu a ciki Schruns, Austria, inda Hemingway ya fara bibiyar rubutun sosai. Pauline Pfeiffer ta haɗu da su a cikin Janairu kuma ta ƙi shawarar Hadley, ta bukaci Hemingway ya rattaba hannu kan kwangila tare da Scribner's. Ya bar Ostiryia don tafiya mai sauri zuwa New York don saduwa da masu bugawa, kuma bayan dawowarsa, a lokacin da ya tsaya a Paris, ya fara hulɗa da Pfeiffer, kafin ya koma Schruns don kammala bita a cikin Maris. Rubutun ya isa New York a watan Afrilu; ya gyara hujjarsa ta ƙarshe a Paris a watan Agustan 1926, kuma Scribner ya buga littafin a watan Oktoba.

Tsoho da Tekun

The Old Man and the Sea wani labari ne da Ernest Hemingway ya rubuta a 1951 a Cuba. Wannan labari ya shahara saboda dalilai da yawa. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Pulitzer don almara a 1953, kuma ta kai ga bayar da kyautar Nobel a Adabi ga Hemingway a 1954.

A cewar wasu, Ernest Hemingway ya yi abin da ya fi dacewa don canza salon rubutun adabin Ingilishi fiye da kowane marubuci a ƙarni na ashirin. Ta hanyar wannan labari, wanda shine babban aikinsa na ƙarshe na almara, ya nuna yawancin gwaninta tare da labari mai girma.

Tsohon Mutum da Teku labari ne game da tsoho, gogaggen masunta da babban gwagwarmayar sa tare da babban marlin, babban kamun rayuwarsa. Bayan kwanaki tamanin da hudu ba tare da kamun kifi ba, tsohon ya yanke shawarar yin tafiya fiye da kowane masunta a da, zuwa wurin da zai gwada girman kansa ...

Idan har yanzu ba ku karanta littafin ba, wataƙila yanzu shine lokacin da ya dace don yin hakan, har zuwa lokacin, ku more waɗannan manyan maganganu 22. (Ernest Hemingway)

1. Yanzu ne lokacin tunanin abu ɗaya kawai. Abin da aka haife ni. (Ernest Hemingway)

2. Kowa na iya zama masunci a watan Mayu. (Ernest Hemingway)

3. Akwai masunta da yawa masu kyau da wasu manya. Amma akwai ku kaɗai. (Ernest Hemingway)

4. Ba ku kashe kifin kawai don ku rayu kuma ku sayar da abinci ba. Kun kashe shi don girman kai kuma saboda kai masunci ne. Kun ƙaunace shi lokacin yana raye kuma kun ƙaunace shi bayan. Idan kuna son sa, ba laifi bane kashe shi. Ko ya fi? (Ernest Hemingway)

5. Babban kifina dole ne ya kasance wani wuri. (Ernest Hemingway)

6. Kifi, za ku mutu ko ta yaya. Shin dole ne ku kashe ni ma? (Ernest Hemingway)

7. Jahannama tare da sa'a. Zan kawo sa'a tare da ni. (Ernest Hemingway)

8. Kowace rana sabuwa ce. Gara a yi sa’a. Amma zan fi son in zama daidai. Sannan idan sa'a ta zo kun shirya. (Ernest Hemingway)

9. Sa'a abu ne da ke zuwa ta hanyoyi da yawa kuma wa zai iya gane ta? (Ernest Hemingway)

10. Yana da kyau ba sai mun yi kokarin kashe rana ko wata ko taurari ba. Ya isa zama a kan teku kuma mu kashe 'yan uwanmu na gaskiya. (Ernest Hemingway)

11. Idan da sauran sun ji ina magana da ƙarfi za su ɗauka cewa ni mahaukaci ne. Amma tunda ni ba mahaukaci bane, ban damu ba. (Ernest Hemingway)

12. Kada kowa ya kasance shi kaɗai a cikin tsufansa. (Ernest Hemingway)

13. Na ƙi ƙyama. Ha'inci ne na jikin mutum. (Ernest Hemingway)

14. Yanzu ba lokacin tunani ne ga abin da ba ku da shi. Ka yi tunanin abin da za ka iya yi da abin da yake. (Ernest Hemingway)

15. Bai faɗi haka ba saboda ya san cewa idan kun faɗi abu mai kyau ƙila hakan ba zai faru ba. (Ernest Hemingway)

16. Ina kokari kar in aro. Na farko kuna aro. Sannan kuna bara. (Ernest Hemingway)

17. Mutum baya rasawa a teku kuma tsibiri ne mai tsawo. (Ernest Hemingway)

18. Ba zafi ga namiji. (Ernest Hemingway)

19. "Shekaru shine agogon ƙararrawa na," in ji tsoho. “Me yasa tsofaffi ke farkawa da wuri? Shin don samun tsawon kwana ɗaya? ” "Ban sani ba," in ji yaron. "Abin da kawai na sani shi ne cewa samari maza suna yin bacci da ƙarfi." (Ernest Hemingway)

20. Bari ya yi tunanin ni ya fi ni girma kuma zan kasance haka. (Ernest Hemingway)

21. Kiyaye kai da sanin yadda ake shan wahala kamar mutum. (Ernest Hemingway)

22. Ba a yi mutum don shan kashi ba. Ana iya hallaka mutum amma ba a ci shi ba. (Ernest Hemingway)

Kuna iya bincika samfuranmu ta shiga cikin wannan mahada.