Game da Virus da mafi kyawun kariyar ƙwayar cuta:

A virus ne mai submicroscopic wakili mai kamuwa da cuta cewa maimaita kawai a cikin masu rai Kwayoyin wani kwayoyin. Kwayoyin cuta suna cutar da kowa siffofin rayuwa, daga dabbobi da tsirrai zuwa microorganisms, ciki har da kwayoyin da kuma archea. Tun Dmitri IvanovskyLabarin 1892 wanda ke bayanin wanda ba kwayan cuta ba ne ƙwayar cuta kamuwa da shuke -shuken taba da gano na taba mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck a cikin 1898, an bayyana nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta sama da 9,000 dalla -dalla na miliyoyin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin muhalli. Ana samun ƙwayoyin cuta a kusan kowane yan adam akan Duniya kuma sune mafi yawan nau'in halittar halittu. Nazarin ƙwayoyin cuta an san shi azaman maganin virology, wani subpeciality na ilimin halittar jiki.

Lokacin da aka kamu da cutar, ana tilasta sel mai masaukin baki ya hanzarta samar da dubban kwafin ainihin ƙwayar cutar. Lokacin da baya cikin sel mai cutar ko yayin aiwatar da cutar da kwayar halitta, ƙwayoyin cuta suna wanzu a cikin barbashi masu zaman kansu, ko virions, kunshi (i) da kayan gado, watau doguwa kwayoyin of DNA or RNA wanda ke rikodin tsarin sunadaran da kwayar cutar ke aiki da su; (ii) a furotin qofa, kafet, wanda ke kewaye da kare kayan halittar; kuma a wasu lokuta (iii) wani waje ambulaf of man shafawa.

Siffofin waɗannan ƙwayoyin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta sun fito daga sauƙi Littafi Mai Tsarki da kuma icosahedral siffofi zuwa mafi hadaddun tsarin. Yawancin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta suna da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ba za a iya gani da su ba na gani microscope, kamar yadda suke da ɗari-ɗari girman yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta.

Asalin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin labarin juyin halitta na rayuwa ba a sani ba: wasu na iya samun Samo asali daga plasmids- abubuwan DNA waɗanda zasu iya motsawa tsakanin sel - yayin da wasu kuma sun samo asali daga ƙwayoyin cuta. A cikin juyin halitta, ƙwayoyin cuta hanya ce mai mahimmanci na a kwance tushen canja wuri, wanda ke ƙaruwa bambancin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar kwatankwacinsa haihuwa. 

Wasu suna la'akari da ƙwayoyin cuta masu nazarin halittu ya zama siffar rayuwa, saboda suna ɗauke da kayan halitta, haifuwa, da haɓakawa zabin yanayi, kodayake ba su da mahimman halaye, kamar tsarin sel, waɗanda galibi ana ɗaukar su mahimman ma'auni don ayyanawa rayuwa. Saboda sun mallaki wasu amma ba duk irin waɗannan halayen ba, an bayyana ƙwayoyin cuta a matsayin “kwayoyin halitta a ƙarshen rayuwa”, da kuma masu kwaikwayon kai.

Kwayoyin cuta sun bazu ta hanyoyi da yawa. Transmissionaya daga cikin hanyoyin watsawa ita ce ta kwayoyin da ke ɗauke da cututtuka da aka sani da vectors: misali, ƙwayoyin cuta galibi ana ɗaukar su daga shuka zuwa shuka ta hanyar kwari da ke cin abinci shuka tsami, kamar aphids; da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin dabbobi ana iya ɗaukar su tsotsar jini kwari. Kwayoyin mura baza a cikin iska ta hanyar tari da atishawa. Norovirus da kuma rotavirus, na kowa Sanadin hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri ciwon ciki, ana watsa su ta hanyar hanyar faecal -baka, wucewa ta hannu ko baki ko a abinci ko ruwa.

The kamuwa da cuta kashi na norovirus da ake buƙata don samar da kamuwa da cuta a cikin mutane bai wuce barbashi 100 ba. HIV yana daya daga cikin ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa da ake watsawa saduwar jima'i kuma ta hanyar kamuwa da jini mai cutar. Ire -iren kwayoyin halittar da kwayar cutar za ta iya kamuwa da ita ana kiranta da “zangon rundunar". Wannan na iya zama kunkuntar, ma'ana ƙwayar cuta tana da ikon cutar da 'yan tsirarun jinsuna, ko masu faɗi, ma'ana tana da ikon cutar da mutane da yawa.

Kwayoyin cuta a cikin dabbobi suna tsokani ba da amsa ba wanda yawanci yana kawar da kwayar cutar. Hakanan za'a iya samar da martani na rigakafi ta alurar riga kafi, wanda ke ba da wani kariya ta wucin gadi zuwa takamaiman kamuwa da cuta. Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da waɗanda ke haifar da cutar kanjamau, Kwayar cutar ta HPV, Da kuma cutar hepatitis, kuɓuta daga waɗannan martani na rigakafi kuma ku haifar na kullum cututtuka. Da yawa azuzuwan magungunan rigakafi an ci gaba.

etymology

Kalmar ta fito ne daga harshen Latin ƙwayar cuta yana nufin Guba da sauran abubuwa masu guba, daga iri ɗaya Tushen Indo-Turai as Sanskrit viza, Avestan visa, Da kuma tsohuwar Hellenanci ἰός (duk ma'anar 'guba'), na farko shaidar cikin Ingilishi a cikin 1398 in John Trevisa fassarar Bartholomeus Anglicus Kamfanin Proprietatibus Rerum. Mai cutarwa, daga Latin virulence ('mai guba'), kwanakin zuwa c. 1400. Ma'anar 'wakili da ke haifar da cututtuka' an fara rubuta shi a cikin 1728, tun kafin gano ƙwayoyin cuta ta Dmitri Ivanovsky a 1892.

Turanci jam'i is ƙwayoyin cuta (wani lokacin kuma juya), yayin da kalmar Latin ɗin a taro, wanda ba shi da a cikin layi jam'i ya tabbatar (wata Ana amfani dashi Neo-Latin). Siffa kwayar kwanakin zuwa 1948. Kalmar virion (jam'i virions), wanda ya fara daga 1959, ana kuma amfani da shi don yin nuni zuwa barbashi guda ɗaya wanda ke fitowa daga tantanin halitta kuma yana da ikon kamuwa da wasu sel iri ɗaya.

Tarihi

Louis Pasteur ya kasa samun wakili mai haddasawa rabies da kuma hasashe game da kwayar cutar da ta yi ƙanƙantar da microscopes ta gano ta. A 1884, Faransa masanin ilimin halittar jiki Hoton Charles Chamberland ƙirƙira da Chamberland tace (ko Pasteur-Chamberland tace) tare da ramuka kaɗan don isa cire duk ƙwayoyin cuta daga maganin da aka wuce ta ciki. A cikin 1892, masanin ilimin halittu na Rasha Dmitri Ivanovsky ya yi amfani da wannan matatar don nazarin abin da yanzu aka sani da suna taba mosaic virus: Ganyen ganyen da aka murƙushe daga tsire -tsire masu shan sigari sun kasance masu kamuwa da cutar koda bayan tacewa don cire ƙwayoyin cuta.

Ivanovsky ya ba da shawarar kamuwa da cutar na iya haifar da cutar toxin kwayoyin cuta ne suka samar da shi, amma bai bi ra'ayin ba. A lokacin an yi tunanin cewa duk masu kamuwa da cuta za a iya riƙe su ta hanyar matattara kuma su girma akan matsakaicin abinci mai gina jiki - wannan yana daga cikin kwayar cutar tsutsawa cuta. A cikin 1898, masanin ilimin halittu na Dutch Martinus Beijerinck ya maimaita gwaje -gwajen kuma ya gamsu cewa tsaftataccen maganin yana ƙunshe da sabon nau'in wakili mai kamuwa da cuta. 

Ya lura cewa wakilin ya ninka ne kawai a cikin sel da ke rarrabuwa, amma kamar yadda gwajinsa bai nuna cewa an yi shi da barbashi ba, ya kira shi a contagium vivum fluidum (kwayoyin narkewa mai narkewa) kuma ya sake shigar da kalmar virus. Beijerinck ya ci gaba da cewa ƙwayoyin cuta sun kasance ruwa a cikin yanayi, ka'idar daga baya ta ɓata ta Wendell Stanley ne adam wata, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa sun rarrabu.^[25] A wannan shekarar, Friedrich Loeffler da Paul Frosch sun wuce cutar dabba ta farko, aphthovirus (wakilin ciwon kafa da baki), ta hanyar irin wannan tace.^[27]

A farkon karni na 20, masanin ilimin kwayoyin halittar Ingilishi Frederick Twort gano wani rukuni na ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke cutar da ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda yanzu ake kira kwayoyin cuta (ko yawancin '' phages ''), da masanin ilimin halittu na Faransa-Kanada Félix d'Herelle ya bayyana ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda, lokacin da aka ƙara su akan ƙwayoyin cuta akan farantin agar, za su samar da wuraren da ƙwayoyin cuta suka mutu. Ya lalata yadda aka dakatar da waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ya gano cewa mafi girman dilution (ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta), maimakon kashe duk ƙwayoyin cuta, ya kafa wurare masu rarrafe na matattun halittu.

Ƙidaya waɗannan wuraren da ninkawa ta hanyar dilution ya ba shi damar lissafin adadin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin dakatarwar ta asali. An yi shelar Phages a matsayin yiwuwar magani ga cututtuka irin su typhoid da kuma kwalara, amma an manta da alkawarin su tare da ci gaban penicillin. A ci gaba na juriya na kwayan cuta ga maganin rigakafi ya sake sha’awar amfani da warkewa na bacteriophages.

A ƙarshen karni na 19, an ayyana ƙwayoyin cuta dangane da su cuta, ikonsu na wuce abubuwan tacewa, da abin da ake buƙata don rundunonin rayayyu. An shuka ƙwayoyin cuta kawai a cikin tsirrai da dabbobi. A cikin 1906 Ross Granville Harrison ƙirƙira wata hanya don girma nama in tsotse, kuma a cikin 1913 E. Steinhardt, C. Israel, da RA Lambert sunyi amfani da wannan hanyar don girma allurar rigakafi virus a cikin gutsuttsarin naman alade. A cikin 1928, HB Maitland da MC Maitland sun haɓaka ƙwayar cutar alurar riga kafi a cikin dakatarwar kodan kaji. Ba a karɓi hanyar su sosai ba har zuwa shekarun 1950 lokacin cutar shan inna an girma akan girma don samar da allurar rigakafi.

Wani ci gaba ya zo a cikin 1931 lokacin da likitan Amurka Ernest William Goodpasture da kuma Alice Miles Woodruff girma mura da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa a cikin ƙwayayen ƙwai. A shekarar 1949, John Franklin ya amsa, Hoton Thomas Weller, Da kuma Frederick Robbins ne adam wata girma poliovirus a cikin al'adun gargajiya daga ɓataccen ƙwayar ɗan adam, ƙwayar cuta ta farko da aka fara girma ba tare da amfani da nama mai ƙwari ko ƙwai ba. Wannan aiki ya kunna Hilary Koprowski, sai me Jonas Salk, don yin tasiri rigakafin cutar shan inna.

An samo hotunan farko na ƙwayoyin cuta akan ƙirƙira na'ura mai kwakwalwa ta lantarki a 1931 ta injiniyoyin Jamus ruska da kuma Max Knoll. A cikin 1935, masanin kimiyyar halittu na Amurka da masanin ilimin virologist Wendell Meredith Stanley ya binciki cutar mosaic na taba sannan ya gano galibin furotin ne. Bayan ɗan lokaci kaɗan, wannan ƙwayar cuta ta rabu zuwa furotin da sassan RNA. Kwayar cutar mosaic ta taba ita ce ta farko crystallized kuma tsarinsa, saboda haka, za a iya yin bayani dalla -dalla.

Na farko Rarraba X-ray Bernal da Fankuchen sun samo hotunan kwayar cutar crystallized a 1941. Dangane da hotunan hoton ta na X-ray, Karin Franklin gano cikakken tsarin kwayar cutar a shekarar 1955. A wannan shekarar, Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat da kuma Robley Williams ya nuna cewa tsabtataccen ƙwayar mosaic taba RNA da rigar furotin ɗin su na iya haɗuwa da kansu don ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin cuta masu aiki, suna ba da shawarar cewa wannan hanyar mai sauƙi wataƙila ita ce hanyar da aka ƙirƙiri ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin sel ɗin su.

Rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 20 shine zamanin zinare na gano ƙwayar cuta, kuma yawancin nau'in bayanan dabbobi, shuke -shuke, da ƙwayoyin cuta an gano su a cikin waɗannan shekarun. A shekarar 1957 equine arterivirus da dalilin Zazzabin cizon sauro (a maganin kashe kwari) aka gano. A shekarar 1963 cutar hepatitis B ya gano ta Baruch Blumberg ne adam wata, kuma a 1965 Howard Temin ya bayyana na farko retrovirus. 

Juya transcriptase, da enzyme cewa retroviruses suna amfani da su don yin kwafin DNA na RNA, Temin da farko sun bayyana shi a cikin 1970 David Baltimore mai zaman kansa. A shekarar 1983 Luc Montagnier'yan wasan a Cibiyar Man Fetur a Faransa, da farko ya ware kwayar cutar retrovirus wacce yanzu ake kira HIV. A shekarar 1989 Hoton Michael Houghtontawagar ta Kamfanin Chiron gano hepatitis C

Tushen

Ana samun ƙwayoyin cuta a duk inda rayuwa take kuma wataƙila sun kasance tun lokacin da rayayyun sel suka samo asali. Asalin ƙwayoyin cuta ba a sani ba saboda ba su samar da burbushin abubuwa ba, don haka kwayoyin kwayoyin ana amfani da su don bincika yadda suka taso. Bugu da kari, kwayar halittar kwayoyin halittar kwayar cutar lokaci -lokaci tana hadewa cikin germline daga kwayoyin halittu masu rai, wanda za a iya yada su a tsaye ga zuriyar rundunar har tsawon tsararraki. Wannan yana ba da tushen mahimmin bayani don masu binciken burbushin halittu don gano tsoffin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda suka wanzu har zuwa miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata. Akwai manyan hasashe guda uku waɗanda ke nufin bayyana asalin ƙwayoyin cuta:

Hasashen koma baya

Wataƙila ƙwayoyin cuta sun kasance ƙananan ƙwayoyin sel waɗanda m manyan sel. Da shigewar lokaci, kwayoyin halittar da ba su buƙata ta gurɓatattu sun ɓace. Kwayoyin cuta rickettsia da kuma chlamydia sune sel masu rai waɗanda, kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, za su iya hayayyafa kawai a cikin sel masu masauki. Suna ba da goyan baya ga wannan hasashe, saboda dogaro da su kan parasitism wataƙila ya haifar da asarar kwayoyin halittar da ta ba su damar rayuwa a wajen tantanin halitta. Wannan kuma ana kiranta 'hypothesis degeneracy', ko 'rage hasashe'.

Hasashen asalin salon salula

Wasu ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na iya samo asali daga guntun DNA ko RNA waɗanda suka “tsere” daga ƙwayoyin halittar da ta fi girma. DNA da ya tsere zai iya fitowa daga plasmids (sassan DNA tsirara waɗanda zasu iya motsawa tsakanin sel) ko transposons (kwayoyin DNA da ke kwaikwaiwa da matsawa zuwa wurare daban -daban a cikin kwayoyin halittar tantanin halitta). Da zarar an kira "tsalle tsalle", transposons misalai ne na abubuwan kwayoyin halitta kuma yana iya zama asalin wasu ƙwayoyin cuta. An gano su a masara ta Barbara McClintock a cikin 1950. Wannan wani lokaci ana kiransa 'hasashen al'aura', ko 'hasashen tserewa'.

Lafiya ita ce babbar albarka! (mafi kyawun kariya ta ƙwayoyin cuta)

Yawancin mutane suna gane hakan lokacin da suka kamu da cuta ko ƙwayar cuta. (mafi kyawun kariya ta ƙwayoyin cuta)

Kuma ta yaya ƙwayoyin cuta ke yaduwa?

Ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta, don haka batun shine:

Sai dai idan mun kare kanmu daga gare su, ba zai yiwu mu kawar da cututtuka da annoba ba. Kuma za mu gaya muku ɗayan mafi kyawun hanyoyin YADDA. (mafi kyawun kariya ta ƙwayoyin cuta)

Yana sanya safar hannu don gujewa ƙwayoyin cuta. Ya shafi amfanin yau da kullun na yau da kullun kuma musamman lokacin kowane annoba fitina. (mafi kyawun kariya ta ƙwayoyin cuta)

Wannan shafin yanar gizon zai yi bayanin ayyukan da ake buƙatar saka safofin hannu, wane irin safofin hannu yakamata ku sa don kowane aiki, da kuma yadda wannan aikin ke nisanta ku daga ƙwayoyin cuta. (mafi kyawun kariya ta ƙwayoyin cuta)

Kimiyyar mai sauƙi a bayan safofin hannu don kariyar ƙwayar cuta

Kwayoyin cuta suna buƙatar matsakaici don canjawa daga gurɓataccen wuri zuwa fatar ɗan adam. Lokacin da akwai “cikas” tsakanin saman biyu, damar canja wuri kadan ne. (mafi kyawun kariya ta ƙwayoyin cuta)

Safofin hannu suna ba da wannan 'shinge'.

Amma akwai la'akari mai mahimmanci anan.

Duk da sanya safofin hannu na iya kiyaye jikin ku daga ƙwayoyin cuta, su ma suna iya zama tushen samun su.

yaya? (mafi kyawun kariya daga ƙwayoyin cuta)

Kwayoyin cuta za su kasance a saman safofin hannu kuma idan sassan jikin ku, kamar fuska, suka sadu da safofin hannu, za a ba ku ƙwayoyin cuta. (mafi kyawun kariya ta ƙwayoyin cuta)

A saboda wannan dalili, yana da matuƙar mahimmanci a yi amfani da safofin hannu kawai yayin wasu ayyuka kuma a kawar da su (ko dai a jefar da su ko a wanke su) nan da nan bayan kammalawa, a kula kada a bar hannayenku su taɓa wasu sassan jikin yayin aikin. (mafi kyawun kariya ta ƙwayoyin cuta)

Anan ne yadda zai iya taimakawa sanya wasu safofin hannu yayin ayyukan yau da kullun. (mafi kyawun kariya daga ƙwayoyin cuta)

Nau'in safar hannu don kariya daga ƙwayoyin cuta

1. Wanke safofin hannu

Ko da gwamnatoci sun bayyana keɓe masu ciwo don taƙaita iyalai a gidajensu, za su ci gaba da cin abinci daga faranti da kwano, ko? (mafi kyawun kariya ta ƙwayoyin cuta)

Lokacin da dangin ku suka yi atishawa ko tari yayin cin abinci, ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa na iya samun hanyar su akan saman abin yanka. Don hana hannayenku su sadu da kayan teburin da suka kamu, yakamata ku tsaftace teburin kuma ku wanke kwanonin ta hanyar saka safar hannu. (mafi kyawun kariya daga ƙwayoyin cuta)

Bayan kiyaye ku daga kama ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗannan safofin hannu suna da wasu fa'idodi. Yana hana bushewar fata da sanyi sanadin ci gaba da wankewa, yana ba da mafi kyawun riko a kan jita -jita kuma ana iya adana shi cikin nutsuwa. (mafi kyawun kariya ta ƙwayoyin cuta)

2. Safofin hannu

Dabbobin gida na iya samun ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta a jikinsu. Idan kuka wanke su ko ku yi musu ado da hannu marasa hannu, akwai damar cewa waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta za a iya ba ku, don haka koyaushe ku sa safofin hannu na gyaran dabbobi. (mafi kyawun kariya ta ƙwayoyin cuta)

Waɗannan safofin hannu za su iya kama mafi kyawun duk gashin da ke kwance da tarkace a cikin gashin daga hannayenku kuma suna ba da tausa mai daɗi. Hakanan zaka iya tsefe gashin gashin dabbobin ku da waɗannan safofin hannu. (mafi kyawun kariya ta ƙwayoyin cuta)

3. Safofin hannu na lambu

Idan wani ya yi atishawa ko ya tofa a kan laka ko ciyawa a cikin lambun kuma kuka taɓa shi ba da sani ba yayin da kuke aikin lambu? (mafi kyawun kariya ta ƙwayoyin cuta)

Jikin ku yanzu yana ɗauke da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da ke cikin wannan ruwan, kuma suna iya samun sauƙin shiga cikin jikin ku ta hancin ku da bakin ku. (mafi kyawun kariya daga ƙwayoyin cuta)

Kuma yana haifar da kwayar cuta cututtuka da cututtuka. Lambun safofin hannu sune ma'auni mai tasiri don gujewa wannan halin. Suna kuma kare hannunka daga ƙaya kuma suna taimakawa tono da samar da hanyoyin iri. (mafi kyawun kariya daga ƙwayoyin cuta)

Amma tabbatar da wanke su bayan amfani. (mafi kyawun kariya daga ƙwayoyin cuta)

Tsaftacewa da peeling safofin hannu

Irin wannan safofin hannu na iya hana ku zama masu ɗaukar kwayar cutar a yanayi daban -daban. (mafi kyawun kariya daga ƙwayoyin cuta)

Lokacin fitar da kayan lambu kamar turnips da dankali (mafi kyawun kariya ta ƙwayar cuta)

Lokacin shafa mop, rug ko carpet (mafi kyawun kariya ta ƙwayar cuta)

Yayin kawar da busasshiyar laka ta fantsama akan takalmi (mafi kyawun kariya ta ƙwayar cuta)

Lokacin feshin tuna ko salmon flakes (mafi kyawun kariya daga ƙwayoyin cuta)

Tare da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun kayan girki, yana aiki azaman katanga akan wuraren da ke ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta (dankali, turnips, kafet, takalma, kifi) sabili da haka yana hana ku kamawa. (mafi kyawun kariya daga ƙwayoyin cuta)

5. Yaduwar Nitrile safofin hannu

Tunda ana amfani da waɗannan safofin hannu da farko a fannin kiwon lafiya, zaku iya ɗaukar su azaman safofin hannu na likita ko nas. Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna sanya su don guje wa kamuwa da cuta tsakanin masu cutar da kansu. (mafi kyawun kariya daga cutar)

Duk wanda ke kula da mara lafiya a gida ko a asibiti yakamata koyaushe ya sanya safar hannu. A yayin taron a fashewar hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri, ba likitoci kawai ba, har ma wasu na iya sawa.

Amma har yanzu, bai kamata mutane su taɓa kansu da waɗannan safofin hannu ba, in ba haka ba zai ɗauke ma'anar saka su da fari.

Ee, zaku iya yin guba kuma sake amfani.

Ƙarshen layi

Don haka, kun koya a yau game da ingantaccen hanyar rigakafin kamuwa da cuta?

Mun tabbata kun yi. Kare kanka da masoyinka daga ƙwayoyin cuta tare da wannan hanyar rigakafin da ba a saba gani ba.

Hakanan, kar a manta a saka/alamar shafi kuma ziyarci namu blog don ƙarin bayani mai ban sha'awa amma asali.